When author JRR Tolkien penned The Lord of The Rings, nobody could have foreseen how ground-breaking, influential and lasting that legacy would be.
Today, the high fantasy novel is regarded as 鈥渢he book of the 20th century鈥 鈥 the source material for a multi Oscar-winning film trilogy which generated more than $3 billion at the box office a decade ago.
When The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies is released on December 12 this year, all six of Peter Jackson鈥檚 JRR Tolkien adaptations will have made the all-time worldwide list of the Top 40 highest grossing movies.
But when the author was writing The Lord of the Rings (LOTR), it seemed as if no publisher would be willing to take the risk with such a long, ground-breaking work.
University of Birmingham lecturer Dr Philippa Semper recalls that Unwin, the publishers of The Hobbit on September 21, 1937, didn鈥檛 think it could do it.
鈥淭hey weren鈥檛 sure who would read it, and there wasn鈥檛 a fantasy genre,鈥 says Philippa.
鈥淭olkien lost confidence in Unwin and went to Collins.
鈥淯nwin then finally published it 鈥 but only after dividing it into three books.
鈥淭hey felt it would have been too expensive, otherwise.鈥
The novel鈥檚 now famous appendices, she says, were the result of a 鈥減anic at the last minute鈥.
Yet they became essential references for film director Peter Jackson鈥檚 team to authentically flesh out 18-hours worth of stories for the silver screen 鈥 especially as The Hobbit was a comparatively short children鈥檚 book.
The Lord of the Rings first went on sale on July 29, 1954 鈥 17 years after The Hobbit.
鈥淯nwin published just 3,500 copies of The Lord of the Rings on the first run because they didn鈥檛 think it was going to be a hit,鈥 says Philippa.
鈥淭hey thought: 鈥榃ho is going to be reading it?鈥欌
鈥淭he Hobbit had been reasonably successful, but hadn鈥檛 been a smash hit.
鈥淭hen the first LOTR volume sold much better than they thought.
鈥淲hat seems mainstream now was then far out of left field and changed everything about the way we publish novels.
鈥淭hat (struggle) is something new writers can take on board today.鈥
Philippa points out there are several Tolkien milestones this year.
鈥淣ot only is it the 60th anniversary of the publication of The Fellowship of the Ring, but it鈥檚 100 years since the start of the First World War, which he fought in, and it鈥檚 110 years since his mother鈥檚 death,鈥 she says.
鈥淭olkien used some money he had won at Oxford to buy some books, which included William Morris鈥檚 The House Of The Wolfings published 125 years ago.
鈥淭hat had a huge influence on him.
鈥淲ithout that we might not have had Tolkien鈥檚 archaic style of a prose narrative interspersed with poetry and song.
鈥淚鈥檓 a big fan of Wolfings, but it鈥檚 harder than LOTR 鈥 the important thing for Tolkien was that everyone could read LOTR.鈥
Philippa is bemused by the way Birmingham hasn鈥檛 followed the Shakespeare-Stratford model and made more of its connections with Tolkien.
Born in Orange Free State 122 years ago on January 3, 1892, John Ronald Reuel Tolkien was aged just three when he was moved to England along with younger brother Hilary Arthur Reuel.
Their English bank manager father Arthur Reuel died before he could join his family members who initially went to live with the parents of his wife Mabel in Kings Heath.
The young JRR Tolkien then spent the formative years of his childhood developing his imagination at other homes in Edgbaston and Moseley, including 264 Wake Green Road, opposite Sarehole Mill, which is believed to have inspired The Shire in the book.
He was aged 12 and living in Rednal when the death of his mother Mabel left him orphaned and in the care of Father Francis Xavier Morgan from Edgbaston Oratory.
Apart from updating a 鈥楾olkien Trail鈥 leaflet, Birmingham City Council has done little to capitalise on its best-read son, author of one of the top three bestselling novels ever written.
鈥淚 think we could do a lot more with Tolkien and I wish we would,鈥 Philippa reasons.
鈥淧eople mostly go to Oxford to see The Eagle and Child pub (where he used to drink with C. S. Lewis)
鈥淭here is a plaque above the door where he lived, but it鈥檚 not blue.
鈥淔rom Oxford, a few people make it up here and know about Sarehole Mill, but we鈥檙e not high up in most people鈥檚 Tolkien list.
鈥淚 do wonder if we can develop more things.
鈥淲ith the Staffordshire Hoard there are surely more connections to be made.
鈥淭here would be a very good interconnection with the kind of things Tolkien loved to study.
鈥淲e know the area is important for Anglo-Saxon culture because of the Hoard so we should be shouting about the fact that he came from here.
鈥淚t is difficult to build up a critical mass that says we are going to do something about it.
鈥淚n the book鈥檚 50th birthday year there was a conference at the University of Aston but, with a concentrated push, we could do a lot more.
鈥淚n the current environment with no finances, it would take a particular type of person to get it off the ground.鈥
For Dr Semper, charged with enthusing cohorts of students about medieval English, the film adaptations of the Tolkien books and the fantasy genre they have inspired have been a godsend, not a curse.
She likes nothing more than Tolkien鈥檚 original texts, but has lost count of how many times she has seen the films, too.
Not for her the attitude that 鈥榯hey鈥檙e nothing like how I imagined them to be from the books鈥.
鈥淚f anybody tries to remake them, they are idiots,鈥 she says protectively.
鈥淭he Lord of the Rings trilogy is as good as it gets. I love the films because they do what they do very, very well.
鈥淲hen most people think of The Shire, these are the images they have.
鈥淚 don鈥檛 see how anything could rival that, really.
鈥淚n the films, when something wasn鈥檛 going to work from the books, they would go to the appendices and bring something in.
鈥淲e have to be grateful that the films republished Tolkien to a whole new generations.鈥
Many people have enjoyed the films without wanting to read the books before or after 鈥 how does Philippa penetrate Tolkien鈥檚 language?
鈥淚t鈥檚 hard to get used to,鈥 she admits.
鈥淏ut once you get your ear in it鈥檚 no more difficult than other works with complex syntax and long sentence structures that you struggle to get to the end of.
鈥淭oday, the books continue to live and Tolkien will continue (like Shakespeare, Dickens and Austen).鈥
Philippa, who studied English and Medieval Studies under the renowned Prof Michael Swanton at the University of Exeter, acknowledges how Tolkien was influenced by the Anglo-Saxon poem Beowulf, too.
His recently-published translation has, she says, been a 鈥渞eal thrill鈥 for Tolkien fans.
鈥淭here鈥檚 also a recording of Tolkien reading bits of LOTR... you can hear the rhythm and see it in Beowolf as well,鈥 Philippa enthuses.
鈥淏ut Tolkien has this habit of talking about knights, even though he knew there were no knights then like we think of them from medieval England.
鈥淭he references are an anachronism and they are my only problem with it.鈥
Philippa cites the Harry Potter effect as evidence of youngsters still wanting to read fantasy works.
鈥淐hildren don鈥檛 just watch the films, they want to read the books, too,鈥 she says.
鈥淔antasy is one of the genres that is going to make it possible for the publishing of texts to continue.
鈥淚 don鈥檛 foresee a future where children are not going to read, even if it鈥檚 on a Kindle.
鈥淔antasy is a special pleasure.
鈥淲hen you read the book, your dragon can be anything you want it to be.
鈥淟ast year, in 2012-13, my third-year students were the first ones to say they were 鈥榯he Harry Potter generation鈥.
鈥淣ow interest is coming from George R. R. Martin (Game of Thrones) and that continues to feed Tolkien and keep people interested in this kind of literature.鈥
In Philippa鈥檚 department there are typically 120 students on the English literature course per year.
In their first year, students study within a guided framework, moving on to 鈥榗ore info鈥 in the second.
Fantasy is one of the favourite specialisms in the third year, which 38-40 students typically take per year.
What tangible benefits do students gain from the type of course that Philippa runs?
鈥淔ilms with dragons in them are bound up with ideas of culture and it鈥檚 hugely important to understand how culture works,鈥 she explains.
鈥淚t鈥檚 a key to people鈥檚 own identity and who they are.
鈥淢odern politics is still working on the nature of identity, but everyone seems confused about identity now.鈥
Philippa believes medieval-based fantasy writing can even be relevant to the West trying to understand contemporary crises like the ones unfolding in Gaza, Syria and Iraq today.
鈥淭he most important skill anyone can have now is a deep and abiding interest in cultures other than your own,鈥 she says.
鈥淭o understand others, to find ways of interacting, a common ground.
鈥淩eading Tolkien is a good way to train your brain to do that.
鈥淔antasy gives you a way to imagine what it must be like to face that issue, or an enemy that seems to be unconquerable (when there seems to be) no hope, no future.
鈥淚t enables you to work out what you would do in those situations.
鈥淭he most stifling situations are where people will not see solutions to a problem.
鈥淭hat might require you to work with people you have never worked with before.
鈥淵ou might have to sacrifice things.
鈥淢ost people today have never had to think about whether they would go and fight, but what if you might have to sacrifice yourself (like Tolkien鈥檚 comrades in the First World War)?
鈥淭he best stories show that battles are only ever a last resort, that you fight only when you have got no option because it is not the fighting that wins the war.
鈥淭olkien lost two of his closest friends in the First World War and that loss prompted him to start writing.
鈥淔or him, fighting was a last resort.
鈥淚f you have to take it then you do it as bravely as you possibly can 鈥 and you then have to try to save the most lives.鈥
MAKING OF MORDOR
Running from September 20 to January 17 at the Wolverhampton Museum & Art Gallery, a new exhibition called The Making of Mordor will conjure images of a blackened land consumed by industry.
It will explore the links between J.R.R. Tolkien鈥檚 depictions of this fantasy region in The Lord of the Rings and the Black Country of the 1900s, which lay a few miles from his childhood home.
Details:
